Benefits of Implementing Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Agriculture

 

Overuse of fertilizers and pesticides raises agricultural product manufacturing costs while also degrading soil and polluting the environment. Furthermore, abiotic and biotic stressors are present throughout plant growth.

As a result, discovering how to help plants cope with stress from external stimulants is crucial for efficient and sustainable agriculture. It can also help to reduce the heavy reliance on pesticide products.

New strategies are essential in solving these concerns to make agricultural production more effective, durable, and sustainable.

Nanomaterials, which have at least one dimension of less than 100 nm, have been demonstrated to be promising in agriculture, particularly in enhancing plant nutrition, minimizing pests and diseases, boosting stress tolerance, and assessing plant physiological conditions.

A new review published in the journal plants explores the sustainable agricultural applications of carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs), particularly in nanosensors, delivery tools and light converters.

The role of CNMs in nanosensors, agrochemical delivery, and light converters in agriculture. 

Carbon dots (CDs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon fullerenes (C60), graphene (GRA), graphene oxide (GO), nanohorns (CNHs), and carbon nanofibers (CNFs)  are all members of the CNM family.

Discussion

Remote sensing technology was created to monitor and regulate plant stress levels to alleviate the stress that leads to a decline in crop production and quality to facilitate sustainable agriculture.

Nanosensors could be a suitable choice for long-term and real-time monitoring of chemical-signaling molecules in plants, and can be used to track crop maturity and health, as well as to detect fertilizers, pesticides, and moisture in the soil, allowing farmers to make more informed decisions.

CNTs are frequently utilized in plants under abiotic and biotic stress to detect signaling chemicals such as H2O2, Ca2+, and NO, with the benefits of strong fluorescence stability, extended life, and fluorescence emission in the comparatively transparent near-infrared emission spectrum region of live tissues.

Nanosensors based on carbon nanotubes can track stress signaling molecules, allowing for better early identification of plant stress. However, most of these studies have been carried out in laboratories, and the proposed procedures have not been proven in real-world farming situations.

In pesticide detection, nanosensors based on CNMs with autofluorescence has been extensively utilized. The autofluorescence of CDs can be quenched to identify pesticides.

In conclusion, CNM-based nanosensors are promising options for assessing pesticide residues in agriculture. It is recommended that more effort be put into developing environmentally benign and biocompatible CNM-based nanosensors for detecting single or combined pesticide residues.

Agrochemicals like fertilizer and pesticides are necessary for agricultural development. However, most chemical fertilizers are used by plants less than 50% of the time, limiting the efficiency of agricultural production and polluting the environment.

Pesticides, in addition to fertilizers, are an important part of agrochemicals for agriculture. Traditional pesticides, on the other hand, have raised public concerns about their biosafety and environmental issues due to their ease of leaching, volatilization, and loss qualities.

Excessive pesticide use has also resulted in a slew of issues that need to be addressed right once, including plant disease resistance, soil biodiversity destruction, and negative consequences on human and environmental health.

As a result, more effective and environmentally acceptable pesticide methods are advocated.

Nano-pesticides, which include nano-insecticides, nano-herbicides, and nano-fungicides, can decrease pesticide volatilization and degradation, increase pesticide utilization efficiency, reduce pesticide consumption, and reduce environmental concerns.

CNMs are especially promising and can be employed as a pesticide carrier to improve pesticide utilization efficiency, in addition to adsorbing hazardous organic matter to limit its solubility and bioavailability.

CNMs are a good option for delivering agrochemicals into plants more efficiently than traditional fertilizers and pesticides. However, it is critical to comprehend how plants react to their surroundings.

Down-conversion nanomaterials (DCNMs) are commonly utilized to convert ultraviolet (UV) light into photosynthetic active radiation.

Under UV illumination, most CDs produced today can exhibit blue fluorescence. UV light was transformed to blue light by vinyl alcohol-encapsulated CDs, which improved lettuce photosynthetic efficiency.

CDs can also be used as a UV-visible light color converter on plastic films and LEDs in greenhouses to encourage plant growth.

In conclusion, using CNMs to convert UV and nIR radiation to visible light could be a promising way to boost plant photosynthesis. However, the use of CNMs as light conversion materials in the leaves and/or roots to increase plant growth requires further research. 

Conclusion

The applications of CNMs in agriculture production are discussed in this study, with the focus on their use as biosensors, carriers, and light converters. It is evident that the carbon nanoparticles might play a significant role in future agricultural output, including the improvement in food production and assistance with agricultural sustainability.

However, depending on parameters such as plant species, CNM type, and dosages, their effects may differ.

CNM research in agriculture is currently limited to the laboratory, so a considerable amount of field application data is required to allow their eventual large-scale deployment in agriculture.

Website: International Conference on Fiber Reinforced Polymer

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Performance of Natural Polymer Composites with Nano-SiO2 Filler

 

In a study published in Materials Today: Proceedings, the impact of adding nanoscale SiO2 fillers to kenaf fiber polymeric composites on mechanical properties is investigated. The polymers' compressive, tensile, and impact characteristics were examined.

Benefits of Using Natural Fibers

Due to the rising appreciation of the need to utilize legitimate resources to replace those created by conventional materials, natural fiber is increasingly being employed as a support or filler element in fabricating composites.

Natural fibers offer a variety of desirable characteristics, including minimal price, sustainability, good mechanical capabilities due to their lower density, and simplicity of treatment thanks to their non-abrasive nature, which enables higher levels of packaging.

Furthermore, natural fibers have grown in favor as a reinforcement element over the past few decades due to their environmentally friendly and limitless properties, lightweight nature, and ease of production.

Artificial polymer composites are difficult to dispose of, and the use of plastic has been restricted in multiple countries. As a consequence, the need for natural fibers has increased across a wide range of businesses.

Reduced Mechanical Strength

Natural fibers are usually made of lignocellulose biomass and possess a high moisture absorption capability, making them appropriate for a wide range of interior purposes such as furnishings, seismic attenuations, packing.

Nonetheless, in terms of mechanical strength, organic fibers still lag behind synthetic fibers significantly.

To achieve the same strength as synthetic fibers, they must undergo a range of chemical processes, hybridizing by using organic and synthetic fibers and interweaving them into many configurations.

Furthermore, the limitations of using reinforcement organic fiber filler elements include their poor adhesion to the matrix due to the fiber's hydrophilic nature and the matrix's murky nature. Consequently, a sub-par fiber-matrix connection is formed, decreasing the strength effect of the fiber and inhibiting force transfer between fibers and matrix material.

The quantity of binding between the polymeric composite matrix and the fibers determines the properties of natural fiber polymer matrix composites.

How to Address this Shortcoming

Historically, chemical approaches have been employed to modify the properties of fibers. Solvents that are organic in nature, such as alkali-based compounds, silane, peroxides, isocyanates, as well as polymer coupling agents, are widely used.

Another method for enhancing the properties of natural fiber reinforced composites is to include particle or powder form filler elements into matrices.

The appropriate combination of matrix elements, fillers, and reinforcement materials may produce a composite with equivalent or even greater properties than typical composite alloys.

In commercial and industrial applications, the use of particle filler materials with polymers is becoming increasingly common.

Fillers are added to polymers to improve their process capability, stiffness, and durability. To address polymer restrictions such as weak stiffness and to utilize them in a variety of applications, synthetic fillers such as silica, alumina, carbon, titania, and fly ash particles in the form of nanoscale particles are routinely used in combination with matrices for forming polymeric nanocomposites.

It is feasible to improve the properties of natural/synthetic fiber composite materials by modifying the matrix using nano-SiO2 filler.

This work aims to experimentally explore the tensile and compressive strength of kenaf fiber reinforced epoxy composite at varied levels of nano-SiO2 filler loading.

A compression molding machine was used to make the composite plates.

Important Findings of the Study

The impact of disbanding nano-SiO2 fillers on the mechanical properties of kenaf fiber epoxy composite was examined by the research team.

In composite, the mass fraction of nano-filler was selected to be 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%.

The highest tensile strength of the composite was found with 2% nanofiller, which was substantially greater than that of the regular composite.

Similarly, nano-SiO2 fillers at 2% mass in composites improved compressive and impact strengths. Overall, the 2 percent fraction of nano-SiO2 filler was shown to be the optimal content in the kenaf fiber epoxy composite.

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Optical fiber

 

An optical fiber, or optical fibre, is a flexible glass or plastic fiber that can transmit light from one end to the other. Such fibers find wide usage in fiber-optic communications, where they permit transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data transfer rates) than electrical cables. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for illumination and imaging, and are often wrapped in bundles so they may be used to carry light into, or images out of confined spaces, as in the case of a fiberscope. Specially designed fibers are also used for a variety of other applications, such as fiber optic sensors and fiber lasers.

Glass optical fibers are typically made by drawing, while plastic fibers can be made either by drawing or by extrusion. Optical fibers typically include a core surrounded by a transparent cladding material with a lower index of refraction. Light is kept in the core by the phenomenon of total internal reflection which causes the fiber to act as a waveguide. Fibers that support many propagation paths or transverse modes are called multi-mode fibers, while those that support a single mode are called single-mode fibers (SMF). Multi-mode fibers generally have a wider core diameter and are used for short-distance communication links and for applications where high power must be transmitted. Single-mode fibers are used for most communication links longer than 1,050 meters (3,440 ft).

Being able to join optical fibers with low loss is important in fiber optic communication. This is more complex than joining electrical wire or cable and involves careful cleaving of the fibers, precise alignment of the fiber cores, and the coupling of these aligned cores. For applications that demand a permanent connection a fusion splice is common. In this technique, an electric arc is used to melt the ends of the fibers together. Another common technique is a mechanical splice, where the ends of the fibers are held in contact by mechanical force. Temporary or semi-permanent connections are made by means of specialized optical fiber connectors.

The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics.

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The global Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) Pipe Market size was valued at USD 4402.9 million in 2022 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD 6345.2 million by 2029 with a CAGR of 5.4% during review period.

Market Overview:

The Fibre-reinforced Polymer (FRP) Pipe Market is witnessing substantial growth, driven by the increasing demand for lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and durable piping solutions across various industries such as oil and gas, water and wastewater, chemicals, and infrastructure. FRP pipes, composed of reinforcing fibres embedded in a polymer matrix, offer superior mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and long-term performance compared to traditional materials such as steel, concrete, and PVC.

Market Key Players:

Leading companies in the Fibre-reinforced Polymer (FRP) Pipe Market include:
• Future Pipe Industries (FPI)
• National Oilwell Varco (NOV)
• AMIBLU
• Farassan
• Fibrex
• Lianyungang Zhongfu
• Hengrun Group
• Abu Dhabi Pipe Factory
• Shawcor (ZCL Composites Inc)
• Enduro Composites
• Chemical Process Piping (CPP)
• Graphite India Limited

These key players specialize in the design, manufacturing, and distribution of FRP Pipes, fittings, and accessories, catering to diverse customer requirements and industry applications. Their focus on product innovation, quality assurance, and customer service drives market competitiveness and industry advancement.

Market Segmentation by Type:
• Polyester
• Epoxy
• Other

Market Segmentation by Application:
• Oil and Gas
• Municipal
• Agricultural Irrigation
• Industrial
• Other Applications

Regional Markets:

US Market:

The United States is a major market for Fibre-reinforced Polymer (FRP) Pipes, driven by factors such as infrastructure development, aging pipeline replacement, and increasing environmental regulations. The country's oil and gas industry, in particular, has been a significant adopter of FRP pipes for offshore and onshore applications, including drilling, production, and transportation. Market players in the US focus on product differentiation, customer support, and regulatory compliance to maintain market leadership and meet industry requirements.

EUROPE Market:

Europe is another key region in the Fibre-reinforced Polymer (FRP) Pipe Market, characterized by its stringent environmental regulations, water conservation initiatives, and infrastructure modernization projects. Countries such as Germany, the United Kingdom, and France are leading consumers of FRP pipes in applications such as water distribution, sewer systems, and industrial facilities. Market players in Europe emphasize sustainable manufacturing practices, product quality, and performance testing to meet market expectations and regulatory standards.

APAC Market:

The Asia-Pacific region is experiencing rapid growth in the Fibre-reinforced Polymer (FRP) Pipe Market, driven by factors such as urbanization, industrialization, and increasing investments in water and wastewater infrastructure. Countries such as China, India, and Japan are key contributors to market growth, with a focus on large-scale infrastructure projects, including water supply networks, desalination plants, and industrial facilities. Market players in APAC leverage local partnerships, market insights, and technology transfer to capitalize on regional opportunities and expand market presence.

Market Segmentation by Regions:

• North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
• Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
• Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
• South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
• Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)

Market Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT)

Market Strengths:

The Fibre-reinforced Polymer (FRP) Pipe Market offers several strengths, including superior corrosion resistance, high strength-to-weight ratio, and low life-cycle costs. FRP pipes are lightweight, easy to install, and require minimal maintenance, making them suitable for a wide range of applications across industries. Additionally, FRP pipes offer design flexibility, allowing for customized solutions and optimized performance characteristics.

Market Weaknesses:

Despite their many advantages, Fibre-reinforced Polymer (FRP) Pipes face challenges such as higher initial costs, limited material options, and complex manufacturing processes. Market players need to address these weaknesses through cost optimization, material development, and process innovation to enhance market competitiveness and address customer needs effectively.

Market Opportunities:

The Fibre-reinforced Polymer (FRP) Pipe Market presents significant opportunities for growth and innovation, driven by factors such as increasing infrastructure investments, water scarcity concerns, and technological advancements. Market players can capitalize on these opportunities by expanding product portfolios, targeting niche applications, and offering value-added services such as installation, maintenance, and training.

Market Threats:

Market players need to be vigilant of potential threats such as regulatory changes, supply chain disruptions, and competition from alternative materials. Additionally, economic uncertainties, geopolitical tensions, and environmental challenges could impact market growth and investment decisions, highlighting the need for strategic planning and risk management.

Market Past Performance:

The Fibre-reinforced Polymer (FRP) Pipe Market has demonstrated robust growth in recent years, driven by increasing demand from key end-use industries and technological advancements in material science and manufacturing processes. Market players have achieved significant milestones in terms of product innovation, market expansion, and customer satisfaction, reflecting the market's resilience and potential for further growth.

Market Forecast:

The Fibre-reinforced Polymer (FRP) Pipe Market is poised for continued growth in the coming years, supported by factors such as urbanization, infrastructure development, and environmental sustainability initiatives. Market players are expected to invest in research and development, market expansion, and strategic partnerships to capitalize on emerging trends and market opportunities.

Market Research and Development:

Research and development play a critical role in driving innovation and competitiveness in the Fibre-reinforced Polymer (FRP) Pipe Market. Market players invest in R&D to develop new materials, improve manufacturing processes, and enhance product performance, addressing market needs and industry challenges. Collaborations with academic institutions, research organizations, and industry partners facilitate knowledge exchange, technology transfer, and the development of next-generation FRP solutions.

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FRP Reinforcement of Masonry Buildings in the Republic of China

If we look further into the long term, considering the long-term benefits, FRP has good durability and hardly needs maintenance in the later period, while other reinforcement methods require higher long-term maintenance costs. Therefore, considering comprehensively, FRP reinforcement method appears to be more economical.

There are a large number of masonry buildings in the ancient city of Nanjing. There are more than 200 masonry buildings in the period of the Republic of China alone. They are an important part of the architectural cultural relics of Nanjing and have important cultural relics, usage and scientific research values.

After nearly a century of baptism, these buildings in the Republic of China are gradually aging and denuding. The wanton transformation of the structure by the owner and the user also caused great damage to these buildings. In addition, at that time, the building structure did not consider the seismic fortification requirements, the seismic capacity of the structure can not basically meet the requirements of the current seismic design code.

In order to better protect and rationally develop these representative excellent buildings and leave rich architectural and cultural heritage for future generations, it is necessary to reinforce masonry buildings in the Republic of China.

In recent years, the Housing Administration Department of Jiangsu Provincial Authority has entrusted testing units to conduct a comprehensive monitoring of the National Heritage Buildings in the Presidential Palace of Nanjing, and is prepared to adopt effective plans for seismic reinforcement of the Presidential Palace based on the test results. The safety evaluation and seismic performance appraisal of the Presidential Palace complex were carried out by the testing unit. The following problems were found:

(1) The material performance of masonry structure is seriously deteriorated, and the compressive bearing capacity of most buildings, especially the first floor walls, can not meet the requirements.

(2) The mortar is basically denuded, and the strength of the remaining mortar is close to zero.

(3) The structure lacks the necessary anti-seismic measures;

(4) Many building stories exceed the current specifications, and the height-thickness ratio basically does not meet the requirements of the Code for Masonry Structural Design (GB 50003-2011). The conclusion is that the seismic performance of the buildings in the Presidential Palace of the Republic of China is very poor, so it is urgent to reinforce them.

Traditional masonry reinforcement methods generally have the following kinds: enlarged section method, enclosed steel reinforcement method, reinforced concrete mortar reinforcement method, external post-tensioned prestressing reinforcement method, cement grouting method and shotcrete reinforcement method. These methods have certain advantages despite a long period of practical engineering application. However, cultural relic buildings are different from general industrial and civil buildings, and have their own characteristics and particularities.

Excellent cultural relics buildings are required to maintain the original style of the building, not to change the superstructure, or even to modify the original facade, in order to avoid destroying the original style, the traditional reinforcement methods can not basically meet these harsh requirements. In recent years, the increasingly mature FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastics, Fiber Reinforced Plastics, Fiber Reinforced Plastics), mainly composed of high-performance fibers, polyester or epoxy resins, the common materials are mainly carbon fibers, glass fibers and aramid fibers) reinforced masonry method has gradually entered the public's vision. The technology of FRP strengthening masonry structure has been paid more and more attention in recent years because it is suitable for the reinforcement of local cracks in the wall and the reinforcement of the wall under the condition of insufficient bearing capacity. Although there is still a gap compared with Japan, the United States and other advanced countries, but the technology in China still has a very large space for development.

Compared with traditional reinforcement methods, this new technology has unique advantages:

(1) High strength and high efficiency: can greatly improve the ductility and bearing capacity of components, improve the mechanical performance of components. The tensile strength of FRP material is about 10 times of that of steel, but its specific gravity is only 1/4 of that of steel.

(2) Good corrosion resistance and durability: It can make the reinforced components resist the corrosion of various acids, alkalis and salts, and improve the overall durability of buildings. It does not need regular maintenance after reinforcement, and it can protect the internal structure. It has enough ability to adapt to the change of temperature. Adding fire retardant coatings to FRP can also effectively prevent fire, enhance the adaptability of the structure to harsh external environment, and prolong the service life of the structure.

(3) Fatigue resistance: For structures that are often subjected to dynamic, cyclic and variable loads, strengthening can effectively ensure the overall fatigue resistance of the structure.

(4) Maintaining appearance: For various structural shapes such as circular, rectangular and irregular surfaces, joints, beams, slabs, columns and other structural parts, FRP material reinforcement can basically maintain the original appearance and shape of the structure, this advantage has absolutely irreplaceable significance for ancient cultural relics buildings. At the same time, because of the lightweight nature of FRP material itself, the weight gain per square meter after reinforcement generally does not exceed one kilogram, which basically can be considered as not changing the self-weight of the original structure, thus effectively guaranteeing that the seismic performance of the original structure will not be weakened by increasing the self-weight.

(5) Convenient construction: When FRP sheets are used on site, they can be cut arbitrarily according to the specific conditions and needs, without the need to prepare complex construction tools. Therefore, FRP reinforcement construction process has the advantages of short period, high efficiency and less land occupation. According to some data, FRP bonding is 4 to 8 times more effective than steel plate bonding. In addition, because FRP cloth is a flexible material, it can basically achieve 100% effective sticking rate. Even if there are bubbles in the local area, it is very easy to handle. The corresponding acceptance standard is to require 70% effective sticking rate, so it can effectively ensure the quality of construction and acceptance.

(6) The comprehensive economic benefit is good. Although FRP sheet is expensive, it consumes less materials, takes less construction time, does not need large-scale machinery, and the one-time investment cost may not exceed the traditional reinforcement method. If we look further into the long term, considering the long-term benefits, FRP has good durability and hardly needs maintenance in the later period, while other reinforcement methods require higher long-term maintenance costs. Therefore, considering comprehensively, FRP reinforcement method appears to be more economical.

Keywords:
Fiber-reinforced Polymer (FRP)
Composite materials
Polymer matrix
High-strength fibers
Lightweight
Strength
Durability
Structural applications
Engineering
Materials science
Civil infrastructure
Aerospace
Automotive
Manufacturing techniques
Processing methods

Fiber architecture

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