Friday, November 15, 2024

Photonic Chip Generates Ultralow-Noise Microwave Signals

 


A high-level schematic of the photonic integrated chip, developed by the Gaeta lab, for all-optical optical frequency division a method of converting a high-frequency signal to a lower frequency.

Optical frequency division (OFD) that leverages optical references and optical frequency combs, developed a decade ago at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA, is used to generate the most stable microwave signals to date. The approach typically requires multiple fast-tunable laser sources and stabilization stages, and as a result, systems have high complexity and a large footprint.

Now, researchers from Columbia University, USA, say they have implemented OFD with a single laser on a photonic chip that fits on a sharp pencil point (Nature, doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07136-2). The device reportedly generates a 16-GHz microwave signal with the lowest frequency noise that has ever been achieved in an integrated chip.
Miniaturizing OFD

Stable microwave sources are necessary components for a wide range of electronic devices, serving as clocks and information carriers. Boosting the performance of these devices, particularly for advanced applications such as metrology and high-speed data communications, requires a further reduction in phase noise.

OFD has revolutionized the field of ultralow-noise microwave generation and forms the basis of today’s atomic clocks. Essentially, two laser frequencies with a spacing in the terahertz regime are each locked to two of the nearest frequencies of an optical frequency comb. Then, the resulting frequency spacing of the two lasers is effectively “divided” by the comb. In addition, the noise of the terahertz beat frequency is also divided, resulting in a microwave signal that can be extremely low noise.

Study author Alexander Gaeta and his colleagues aimed to miniaturize OFD technology and make high-quality microwave sources available in a much more compact form factor. “Ultralow-noise microwave sources are critical for wireless communication and radar sensing. Current systems are relatively large and not portable,” said Gaeta. “Our device offers the potential to be integrated into a small, robust and highly portable package.”

A simplified design

Their device performs OFD entirely on a chip, in an area as small as 1 mm2, using only a single continuous-wave laser that pumps two photonically coupled, silicon nitride microresonators. One microresonator creates an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) that generates two new frequencies whose frequency spacing is set to the terahertz regime. Due to the quantum correlations of the OPO, the noise of this frequency difference can be thousands of times less than the noise of the pump laser.

The second microresonator is adjusted to generate an optical frequency comb with a mode spacing in the microwave X to W band. A small amount of light from the OPO couples to the comb generator, which leads to the locking of the microwave comb frequency to the terahertz oscillator that automatically results in optical frequency division.

Gaeta and his colleagues, including Columbia engineering professor Michal Lipson’s group, report having achieved OFD without the need of electronics, greatly simplifying the device. He believes that the technology will lead to new designs of future telecommunications devices, as well as improvements in the precision of microwave radars used for autonomous vehicles.

The low-noise optical parametric oscillator can be realized with even lower noise by using novel material designs. The current device is limited by microkelvin level of temperature fluctuations in the silicon nitride,” said Gaeta. “[We hope to employ] novel photonic-chip materials such that the net refractive index change can be made to zero, thus fully suppressing the effect of temperature fluctuations.

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Wednesday, November 13, 2024

Optical amplifier and record-sensitive receiver pave the way for faster space communication

 


In space exploration, long-distance optical links can now be used to transmit images, films and data from space probes to Earth using light. But in order for the signals to reach all the way and not be disturbed along the way, hypersensitive receivers and noise-free amplifiers are required.

Now, researchers at Chalmers University of Technology, in Sweden, have created a system that, with a silent amplifier and record-sensitive receiver, paves the way for faster and improved space communication.

Their study, "Ultralow noise preamplified optical receiver using conventional single wavelength transmission," is published in Optica.

Space communication systems are increasingly based on optical laser beams rather than radio waves, as the signal loss has been shown to be less when light is used to carry information over very long distances. But even information carried by light loses its power during the journey, and optical systems for space communication therefore require extremely sensitive receivers capable of sensing signals that have been greatly weakened before they finally reach Earth.

The Chalmers researchers' concept of optical space communication opens up new communication opportunities and discoveries in space.

"We can demonstrate a new system for optical communication with a receiver that is more sensitive than has been demonstrated previously at high data rates. This means that you can get a faster and more error-free transfer of information over very long distances, for example when you want to send high-resolution images or videos from the moon or Mars to Earth," says Peter Andrekson, Professor of Photonics at Chalmers and one of the lead authors of the study. Silent amplifier with simplified transmitter improves communication

The researchers' communication system uses an optical amplifier in the receiver that amplifies the signal with the least possible noise so that its information can be recycled.

Just like the glow of a flashlight, the light from the transmitter widens and weakens with distance. Without amplification, the signal is so weak after the space flight that it is drowned out by the electronic noise of the receiver.

After 20 years of struggling with disturbing noise that impaired the signals, the research team at Chalmers was able to demonstrate a noise-free optical amplifier a few years ago. But until now, the silent amplifier has not been able to be used practically in optical communication links, as it has placed completely new, significantly more complex, demands on both transmitter and receiver.

Due to the limited resources and minimal space on board a space probe, it is important that the transmitter is as simple as possible.

By allowing the receiver on Earth to generate two of the three light frequencies needed for noise-free amplification, and at the same time allowing the transmitter to generate only one frequency, the Chalmers researchers were able to implement the noise-free amplifier in an optical communication system for the first time. The results show outstanding sensitivity, while complexity at the transmitter is modest.

"This phase-sensitive optical amplifier does not, in principle, generate any extra noise, which contributes to a more sensitive receiver and that error-free data transmission is achieved even when the power of the signal is lower," says Rasmus Larsson, Postdoctoral Researcher in Photonics at Chalmers and one of the lead authors of the study.

"By generating two extra waves of different frequencies in the receiver, rather than as previously done in the transmitter, a conventional laser transmitter with one wave can now be used to implement the amplifier. Our simplification of the transmitter means that already existing optical transmitters on board satellites and probes could be used together with the noise-free amplifier in a receiver on Earth."
Can solve problematic bottleneck

The progress means that the researchers' silent amplifiers can eventually be used in practice in communication links between space and Earth. The system is thus poised to contribute to solving a well-known bottleneck problem among space agencies today.

"NASA talks about 'the science return bottleneck,' and here the speed of the collection of scientific data from space to Earth is a factor that constitutes an obstacle in the chain. We believe that our system is an important step forward towards a practical solution that can resolve this bottleneck," says Peter Andrekson.

The next step for the researchers is to test the optical communication system with the implemented amplifier during field studies on Earth, and later also in communication links between a satellite and Earth.

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Monday, November 11, 2024

Femtosecond laser printing patterned nanoparticles on flexible substrate by tuning plasmon resonances via polarization modulation

 


Nanoparticles patterned on stretchable films for broad applications lack efficient fabrication methods. In this study, femtosecond laser-induced transfer was employed to assemble nanoparticles into a well-defined array on a flexible substrate while mitigating the inevitable plasmon resonances. The metal islands patterned on the substrate are regularly transferred as spherical nanoparticles onto the polymer, with a small deposition deviation and large embedded depth after laser irradiation. However, inhomogeneous laser absorption in the patterned array severely amplifies the printing deviation and narrows the process window, particularly for smaller patterns and complex arrangements. Plasmon resonance excited by an incident laser causes a localized optical field distribution, which accounts for absorption enhancement or suppression. The field distribution from the numerical simulation exhibited periodicity related to the laser parameters and array geometry. A theoretical model was established to clarify the propagation of plasmon resonance waves. The field distribution was modulated by adjusting the polarization direction, guided by theoretical and simulation analyses. Finally, regular and complex nanoparticle arrays were successfully fabricated after tuning the plasmon resonances. This study provides an effective method for fabricating programmable nanoparticle arrays on flexible films.

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Wednesday, November 6, 2024

18th International Conference on Fiber Reinforced Polymer 25-26 November 2024 | Agra, India

 

International Conference on Fiberreinforced Polymer is awarded to the Researchers and Research organizations around the world in the motive of Encouraging and Honoring them for their Significant contributions & Achievements for the Advancement in their field of expertise. Researchers and scholars of all nationalities are eligible to receive ScienceFather Fiberreinforced Polymer Awards. Nominees are judged on past accomplishments, research excellence, and outstanding academic achievements.

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18th International Research Awards on Fiber Reinforced Polymer | 25-26 November 2024 | Agra, India

 


International Fiberreinforced Polymer Award  is awarded to the Researchers and Research organizations around the world in the motive of Encouraging and Honoring them for their Significant contributions & Achievements for the Advancement in their field of expertise. Researchers and scholars of all nationalities are eligible to receive ScienceFather Fiberreinforced Polymer Awards. Nominees are judged on past accomplishments, research excellence, and outstanding academic achievements.

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Photonic Chip Generates Ultralow-Noise Microwave Signals

  A high-level schematic of the photonic integrated chip, developed by the Gaeta lab, for all-optical optical frequency division a method of...